Kotara e fetileng, Lefapha la Khoebo, ka tšebelisano-'moho le Tsamaiso e Akaretsang ea Lekhetho, le ntšitse tsebiso e kopanetsoeng ea ho sireletsa ts'ireletso ea naha le lithahasello ha ba ntse ba phethahatsa boikarabelo ba machaba ba ho se atise katoloso ea thepa. Ka tumello ea Lekhotla la Naha, mehato e thata ea taolo ea kantle ho naha e se e kentsoe thepa e amanang le tungsten, tellurium, bismuth, molybdenum, le indium. Ka ho khetheha, thepa e laoloang e amanang le tungsten e kenyelletsa ammonium paratungstate, li-oxide tsa tungsten, li-carbide tse itseng tsa tungsten tse sa laoleheng, mefuta e itseng ea tungsten e tiileng (ntle le li-granule kapa phofo), li-alloy tse itseng tsa tungsten-nickel-iron kapa tungsten-nickel-copper, le data le mahlale a hlokahalang bakeng sa ho hlahisa lintho tlas'a melao e itseng (1C004, 1C117.c, 1C117.d). Basebetsi bohle ba romellang thepa ena kantle ho naha ba tlameha ho latela Molao oa Taolo ea Kantle ho Naha oa Rephabliki ea Batho ea Chaena le Melaoana ea Taolo ea Kantle ho Naha ea Lintho tse Sebelisang Habeli, ho etsa kopo le ho fumana mangolo a tumello ea kantle ho naha ho tsoa ho balaoli ba khoebo ba nang le bokhoni ba Lekhotla la Naha. Tsebiso ena e qala ho sebetsa hang-hang mme e ntlafatsa Lenane la Taolo ea Thomello ea Lintho tse ka Sebelisoang Habeli la Rephaboliki ea Batho ba Chaena.
I. Lintho tse Amanang le Tungsten
- 1C117.d. Lisebelisoa tse Amanang le Tungsten:
- Ammonium paratungstate (Khoutu ea HS: 2841801000);
- Li-oxide tsa Tungsten (Likhoutu tsa HS: 2825901200, 2825901910, 2825901920);
- Li-carbide tsa Tungsten ha li laoloe tlas'a 1C226 (Khoutu ea HS: 2849902000).
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- 1C117.c. Tungsten e tiileng e nang le litšobotsi tsohle tse latelang:
- Tungsten e tiileng (ntle le li-granule kapa phofo) ka efe kapa efe ea tse latelang:
- Metswako ya tungsten kapa tungsten e nang le dikahare tsa tungsten ≥97% ka boima, e sa laolweng tlasa 1C226 kapa 1C241 (Dikhoutu tsa HS: 8101940001, 8101991001, 8101999001);
- Li-alloy tsa koporo tsa tungsten tse nang le dikahare tsa tungsten ≥80% ka boima (Likhoutu tsa HS: 8101940001, 8101991001, 8101999001);
- Li-alloy tsa tungsten-silevera tse nang le dikahare tsa tungsten ≥80% le dikahare tsa silevera ≥2% ka boima (Dikhoutu tsa HS: 7106919001, 7106929001);
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- E khona ho kenngoa ka mochining ofe kapa ofe oa tse latelang:
- Lisilindara tse bophara ba ≥120 mm le bolelele ba ≥50 mm;
- Liphaephe tse nang le bophara ba kahare ba ≥65 mm, botenya ba lebota ba ≥25 mm, le bolelele ba ≥50 mm;
- Liboloko tse nang le litekanyo tse ≥120 mm × 120 mm × 50 mm.
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- 1C004. Li-alloy tsa Tungsten-Nickel-Tšepe kapa Tungsten-Nickel-Copper tse nang le Litšobotsi Tsohle Tse Latelang:
- Botenya >17.5 g/cm³;
- Matla a tlhahiso >800 MPa;
- Matla a ho thapolla a ho qetela >1270 MPa;
- Ho Lelefatsa >8% (Likhoutu tsa HS: 8101940001, 8101991001, 8101999001).
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- 1E004, 1E101.b. Theknoloji le Lintlha tsa ho hlahisa lintho tse tlas'a 1C004, 1C117.c, 1C117.d (ho kenyeletsoa le litlhaloso tsa ts'ebetso, liparamente, le mananeo a ho sebetsa).
II. Lintho tse Amanang le Tellurium
- 6C002.a. Metallic Tellurium (Khoutu ea HS: 2804500001).
- 6C002.b. Lihlahisoa tsa Motsoako oa Tellurium o le Mong kapa o nang le Polycrystalline (ho kenyeletsoa le li-substrate kapa li-wafer tsa epitaxial):
- Cadmium telluride (Likhoutu tsa HS: 2842902000, 3818009021);
- Cadmium zinc telluride (Likhoutu tsa HS: 2842909025, 3818009021);
- Mercury cadmium telluride (Likhoutu tsa HS: 2852100010, 3818009021).
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- 6E002. Mahlale le Lintlha tsa ho hlahisa lintho tse tlas'a 6C002 (ho kenyeletsoa le litlhaloso tsa ts'ebetso, liparamente, le mananeo a ho sebetsa).
III. Lintho tse Amanang le Bismuth
- 6C001.a. Bismuth le Lihlahisoa tsa Tšepe ha li laoloe tlas'a 1C229, ho kenyeletsoa empa ho sa felle feela ho li-ingot, li-block, li-bead, li-granule le li-powder (Likhoutu tsa HS: 8106101091, 8106101092, 8106101099, 8106109090, 8106901019, 8106901029, 8106901099, 8106909090).
- 6C001.b. Bismuth Germanate (Khoutu ea HS: 2841900041).
- 6C001.c. Triphenylbismuth (HS Code: 2931900032).
- 6C001.d. Tris(p-ethoxyphenyl)bismuth (Khoutu ea HS: 2931900032).
- 6E001. Mahlale le Lintlha tsa ho hlahisa lintho tse tlas'a 6C001 (ho kenyeletsoa le litlhaloso tsa ts'ebetso, liparamente, le mananeo a ho sebetsa).
IV. Lintho tse Amanang le Molybdenum
- 1C117.b. Phofo ea Molybdenum: Likaroloana tsa Molybdenum le motsoako tse nang le molybdenum ≥97% ka boima le boholo ba likaroloana ≤50×10⁻⁶ m (50 μm), tse sebelisetsoang ho etsa likarolo tsa limisaele (Khoutu ea HS: 8102100001).
- 1E101.b. Mahlale le Lintlha tsa ho hlahisa lintho tse tlas'a 1C117.b (ho kenyeletsoa le litlhaloso tsa ts'ebetso, liparamente, le mananeo a ho sebetsa).
V. Lintho tse Amanang le Indium
- 3C004.a. Phosphide ea Indium (Khoutu ea HS: 2853904051).
- 3C004.b. Trimethylindium (Khoutu ea HS: 2931900032).
- 3C004.c. Triethylindium (Khoutu ea HS: 2931900032).
- 3E004. Theknoloji le Lintlha tsa ho hlahisa lintho tse tlas'a 3C004 (ho kenyeletsoa le litlhaloso tsa ts'ebetso, liparamente, le mananeo a ho sebetsa).
Taolo ea ho Romelloa ha Tungsten kantle ho naha ha se Thibelo e Felletseng
Taolo ea ho romela thepa kantle ho naha ea Tungsten ha e bolele thibelo e felletseng ea ho romela thepa kantle ho naha empa e kenyelletsa mehato e tloaelehileng ea tsamaiso bakeng sa lintho tse itseng tse amanang le tungsten. Barekisi ba lintho tsena ba tlameha ho etsa kopo ea litumello ho balaoli ba khoebo ba nang le bokhoni ba Lekhotla la Naha ho latela Molao oa Taolo ea ho Romelloa kantle ho naha le Melawana ea Taolo ea ho Romelloa kantle ho naha ea Lintho tse Sebelisang Habeli. Ho romela thepa kantle ho naha ho lumelloa feela ha ho latela melao le tumello.
Tšusumetso e ka Bang Teng 'Marakeng oa Lehae
Ho ya ka data e tswang ho Sethaleng sa Khoebo sa Leru la Tungsten-Molybdenum, ho romelwa kantle ho naha ha ammonium paratungstate (APT), tungsten trioxide, le tungsten carbide di ikarabella bakeng sa karolo e hlahelletseng ya thepa yohle e romelwang kantle ho naha ya tungsten:
- Li-export tsa APT ka 2023 le 2024 e ne e le lithane tse ka bang 803 le lithane tse 782, ka ho latellana, e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e etsa hoo e ka bang 4% ea kakaretso ea li-export tsa tungsten.
- Li-export tsa tungsten trioxide li ne li le lithane tse ka bang 2,699 ka 2023 le lithane tse 3,190 ka 2024, li eketseha ho tloha ho 14% ho isa ho 17% ea kakaretso ea li-export.
- Li-carbide tsa tungsten tse romelloang kantle ho naha li ne li le lithane tse ka bang 4,433 ka 2023 le lithane tse 4,147 ka 2024, li boloka karolo ea hoo e ka bang 22%.
Ho kenngwa tshebetsong ha taolo ya ho romela thepa kantle ho naha ya tungsten ho tla etsa hore dintho tsena di laolwe ka thata le ho dumellwa ha tsona, e leng se ka amang mesebetsi ya barekisi ba bang ba kantle ho naha. Leha ho le jwalo, ka lebaka la karolo e fokolang ya dintho tsena tse laolwang ho diromelwantle tsohle tsa tungsten, tshusumetso ka kakaretso hodima matla a phepelo le tlhokeho ya mmaraka wa lapeng wa tungsten le mekgwa ya ditheko e lebelletswe ho ba nyane. Leano lena le ka boela la kgothaletsa dikgwebo ho tsepamisa maikutlo hodima boqapi ba theknoloji le boleng ba dihlahiswa ho fihlela ditlhoko tsa mmaraka wa lapeng le wa matjhaba hamolemo.
Bohlokoa ba Leano la Tungsten
Sebaka se phahameng sa ho qhibiliha ha Tungsten, ho thatafala ha eona, ho tsamaisa motlakase le ho hanyetsa mafome ho etsa hore e be ea bohlokoa haholo indastering ea lefats'e. Tlhahisong ea tšepe, tungsten e eketsa matla, ho tiea le ho hanyetsa ho tsofala, e sebelisoang haholo mechineng le kahong. Lisebelisoang tsa elektroniki, ke thepa ea bohlokoa bakeng sa likarolo, li-lead tsa potoloho e kopaneng, le li-filament tsa setso. Lifofaneng tsa lifofane, li-alloy tsa tungsten li bohlokoa bakeng sa mahare a enjene le li-nozzle tsa rokete, tse tšehetsang lipatlisiso tsa sebaka. Sesoleng, li-alloy tsa tungsten li bohlokoa bakeng sa li-projectile tse phunyang lihlomo, likarolo tsa limisaele le lihlomo, tse amang ka kotloloho bokhoni ba ts'ireletso ea naha. Ho netefatsa phepelo e tsitsitseng ea tungsten ea lehae ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ireletso ea naha.
Litlamorao tsa Nako e Khutšoane le e Telele
Ka nako e kgutshwane, taolo ya thepa e romelwang kantle ho naha e tla fokotsa phepelo ya China ya tungsten mebarakeng ya lefatshe, e leng se ka sitisang ho leka-lekana ha phepelo le tlhokeho ya nako e telele le ho phahamisa ditheko tsa machaba tsa tungsten ka lebaka la tlhokeho e thata e theohelang tlase. Ka nako e telele, taolo ena e tla susumetsa ntlafatso ya diindasteri, e kgothaletse matsete a R&D, tshebediso e sebetsang hantle ya mehlodi, le ntshetsopele ya dihlahiswa tsa boleng bo hodimo ho ntlafatsa tshusumetso ya China indastering ya tungsten.
Lipalopalo tsa Tungsten tsa Lefatše ka Bophara
Ho ya ka USGS, dipolokelo tsa lefatshe ka bophara tsa tungsten ka 2023 e ne e le ditone tse ka bang dimilione tse 4.4, e leng keketseho ya 15.79% selemo le selemo, mme China e ikarabella bakeng sa 52.27% (ditone tse dimilione tse 2.3). Tlhahiso ya lefatshe ka bophara ya tungsten e ne e le ditone tse 78,000, e theohile ka 2.26%, mme China e kentse letsoho ka 80.77% (ditone tse 63,000). Lintlha tsa lekgetho la China di bontsha ho romelwa ha thepa e fapaneng ya tungsten, ho kenyeletswa le diore tsa tungsten, asiti ya tungstic, tungsten trioxide, di-carbide tsa tungsten, le dihlahiswa tse fapaneng tsa tungsten. Ka 2024, Chaena e rometse kantle ho naha lithane tse 782.41 tsa APT (tlase ho 2.53%, 4.06% ea thepa eohle e romelloang kantle ho naha), lithane tse 3,189.96 tsa tungsten trioxide (ho fihlela ho 18.19%, 16.55% ea thepa eohle e romelloang kantle ho naha), le lithane tse 4,146.76 tsa tungsten carbide (tlase ho 6.46%, 21.52% ea thepa eohle e romelloang kantle ho naha).
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Ka ntshetsopele ya dilemo tse fetang 25, dihlahiswa tsa rona di rometswe kantle ho naha ho ya Amerika A, Russia, Amerika Borwa, India, Turkey, Pakistan, Australia, Asia Borwa-bochabela jj. Ka boleng bo botle le ditheko tse hlwahlwa, Boikutlo ba rona ba ho sebetsa ka thata le karabelo di amohetswe ke bareki ba rona. Mme re ka rata ho theha dikamano tse ntjha tsa kgwebo le bareki ba batjha.
Ikopanye le rona kajeno 'me u tla natefeloa ke melemo ea boleng bo botle le lits'ebeletso tse tsoang lihlahisoa tsa rona!
Nako ea poso: Phuptjane-04-2025
